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Tag: night cold

  • Using Night Light Emissions for the Prediction of Local Wealth

    Using Night Light Emissions for the Prediction of Local Wealth

    The relationship between local wealth and the number of night lights is strong in most countries in the sample. The study has potential applications in other areas, says Sebastian Schutte, a fellow at the University of Konstanz’s Zukunftskolleg. It is also applicable to other areas besides urban centers. Its method can be easily implemented and applied to various other areas. The results are impressive. It is important to remember that the results are preliminary.

    Benefits

    The changing emission patterns of night lights can reflect differences in resource investments and local economic development. These data are extremely reliable, allowing the prediction of local wealth without relying on other sources of information. This method of analysis is particularly valuable for countries where previous surveys are impossible or impractical. It can be used to generate predictions for countries that are unknown to researchers, making it a powerful tool for assessing the economic effects of violent conflict.

    It has been shown that nighttime light emissions are a good proxy for household wealth. Even though nighttime lights have limited predictive power in cross-country studies, they have been associated with many other indicators of wealth. For example, a doubling of household wealth is associated with an increase in primary school attendance of three out of every 100 children. In addition, an increase in household wealth is associated with a doubling of adult education, a doubling of average age at first birth, and a doubling of the number of women who are assisted during childbirth.

    These results are promising. The use of satellite data provides a way to address missing data in rural areas and compare different wealth levels across different countries. However, there are several caveats when using night light emissions as a proxy for local wealth. The relationship between nightlight emissions and wealth is not consistent globally, so differences in national wealth should be taken into account. For example, in Sweden, 99% of populated areas are illuminated at night, whereas in the US, fewer than five percent of populated areas are lit up.

    Methods

    There is a strong correlation between household wealth and the amount of nighttime lights in a grid cell. The association between nighttime lights and total wealth is strong, but it becomes weaker as you move down in area units. For example, the relationship between nighttime light emissions and poverty is less clear at the smallest possible spatial unit – the pixel. However, when you move up in spatial scale, this association becomes stronger, and it is more apparent when you consider the entire US state and the size of a metropolitan area.

    Nighttime light emissions are also indicative of household wealth and other social outcomes. A change in household wealth was related to higher primary school enrollment, higher adult education levels, and a lower infant mortality rate. These associations remained even after accounting for differences between the countries’ characteristics over time. These results suggest that nighttime light emissions are a useful tool to predict local wealth and poverty. They also have the potential to measure the impact of economic growth on household wealth.

    There are many ways to measure nighttime illumination, but the most promising method is to analyze it at a fine-grained level. This method uses geo-referenced data to map out nightlights in grid cells. Researchers report that the correlation between nightlight emissions and local wealth is strong in most countries in their sample. It may even be applicable to other areas, such as cities. For instance, it can be used to map the economic situation of entire nations or even countries in their regions.

    Results

    Studies have shown that nighttime illumination is a reliable proxy for local wealth in developing countries. However, most of these studies have been at coarse resolutions and using large grid cells. Now, researchers have used fine-grained data from the Demographic and Health Survey to examine the relationship between nighttime light emissions and local wealth. They found that higher rates of electrification were positively associated with local human development. The findings suggest that the use of night lights to predict wealth in developing countries may have wide-ranging implications.

    Researchers Nils B. Weidmann and Sebastian Schutte use more than 34,000 measurement points across 40 countries to compare survey-based wealth indicators with the nightlight emissions in a single city. The results show that the association between nighttime light emissions and local wealth is stronger when comparing the results of the two measures. Moreover, this association was seen to be robust when using data from the DHS and the full census.

    These results also show that ethnic groups represented in the rebellions are generally more prosperous than non-rebels in the area. This is consistent with the fact that nighttime light increases in those regions with higher GDP. Therefore, the results of using night light emissions to predict local wealth are promising. If more social scientists learn to use spatial data, they may be able to incorporate the data into their analyses. With these data, the social sciences will be able to better predict local wealth.

    Importance

    Night light emission patterns are a proxy measure of human development at the local level. During periods of post-conflict reconstruction, nightlight patterns are similar to within-country regressions, although differences across countries may be evident in infant mortality. These findings highlight the importance of night light patterns in predicting local wealth. However, a larger study is needed to explore the role of night light emissions in predicting local wealth.

    Nighttime light emissions are indicators of household wealth. The correlation between light levels and wealth varies across countries. It has been shown that wealth in one country is associated with a higher proportion of electricity-free households. It also predicts the proportion of children in primary school and the proportion of adults with some level of education. It also predicts infant mortality, a decrease in infant mortality, and an increase in professional assistance during childbirth.

    Researchers have shown that nighttime illumination is a reliable indicator of wealth in other areas. In most countries in the sample, nightlight emissions are highly correlated with overall wealth. The results show that this association increases with GDP per capita, even at a very low level of agricultural value added. The relationship is stronger when the spatial units are smaller. For example, Chen and Nordhaus used US state-level data to estimate wealth in metropolitan areas. However, they found that these findings apply to other areas as well.

    Reliability

    This study has shown that the relationship between night light emissions and local wealth is strong. The study used satellite data to map light emission patterns and assigned them to geographic coordinates. The resulting maps show that higher levels of light emission are related to greater wealth. In Pakistan, the city of Hyderabad emits the most light and has a prosperity index value of 4.54, while regions in poorer countries emit almost no light.

    Among the three variables, urbanization and electrification may be more reliable than nighttime lights, but their spatial resolution is relatively high. The study captures activity in all households in a given spatial unit. It is possible that urbanization and electrification may be more reliable indicators than nighttime lights, but it is unclear whether or not they will be reliable determinants of local wealth.

    Nevertheless, the results indicate that the association between light and wealth is not statistically significant, although it is higher than those in other studies of developing countries. Regression R2 in Namibia is only 42.1%, while in other developing countries, R 2 is 52.7%. In contrast, Wedmann and Schutte’s study found lower than average explanatory power. The results of the present study indicate that this association may be weak and requires further research.

    Limitations

    The use of satellite images of the night light is limited by the late time of the satellite overpass, which prevents anthropogenic light emissions from being detected after 1:30 am. It is possible to detect areas with little light by observing them around this time, but it is unlikely to be accurate. In both developed and developing countries, the “unlit” infrastructure consists of settlements with electricity, which produce insufficient light to measure. In addition, it is difficult to measure light emissions at an earlier overpass due to intentional nightlight reductions.

    In the past, researchers have used economic predictors to predict local wealth and poverty. The use of GDP as a proxy for wealth has been shown to be highly accurate in countries with measurable lighting, but it has limitations in areas where there is little or no lighting. Satellite data of nighttime light emissions can be used as an alternative source of data. Such data can provide a more accurate picture of wealth and poverty, which can be valuable in gauging the effects of violent conflict on a local economy.

    Researchers have demonstrated that the use of night lights as a proxy for wealth in developing countries is possible and that these are highly accurate predictors. The use of these estimates can help in predicting new locations within previously observed countries and generate predictions for nations that are not yet observable. The method may be applied to a variety of other areas, including cities, towns, and villages. This new method can be used in a wide variety of applications.

  • Human Adaptation to Desert Environment

    Human Adaptation to Desert Environment

    The two-legged stance confers certain advantages in keeping cool. Humans’ upright posture exposes most of their bodies to the full sun compared to four-legged animals, who have the entire back exposed to the hot sun. Upright postures also expose more body area to cool air currents, which reduces the rate of heat gain from the desert floor. This adaptation may also be the key to a human’s ability to survive in deserts.

    Adaptation to the night cold

    The ability to survive in cold environments is critical for human survival. Humans have evolved to reduce heat loss and increase body heat production to protect themselves from the elements. The evolution of massive and compact bodies and smaller surface area have all contributed to the development of our physiological response to cold. Our physiological response to cold includes narrowing of blood vessels near the surface of our skin to maintain core body heat. This decrease in peripheral blood flow and heat loss allows us to stay warm throughout the night. In the desert, prolonged vasoconstriction can result in dangerous frostbite.

    Extreme cold is particularly damaging to plants. They develop spikes and toxins to protect themselves against the cold. At the night, however, temperatures can drop to as low as four degrees Celsius, which is about 40 degrees Fahrenheit. This can result in irreversible damage to plants. As a result, plants grow only in areas above the freeze line. For this reason, human adaptation to night cold in desert environments is essential.

    Adaptation to humid heat

    The physical characteristics of human beings in the desert climate are a direct result of climatic variation. This article presents the characteristics of human bodies to determine their ability to tolerate the heat and humidity of a desert climate. The calculations are made according to the EN ISO 7933:2005 standard, assuming a desert climate with 50 degC air and radiation temperatures, 1.23 kPa water vapor partial pressure, 10% relative humidity, and 0.2 m/s air velocity. The researchers estimated a metabolic rate of 80 W/m2 at rest and assumed thermal insulation of clothing to be 0.6 clo. The study also examined the effects of various environmental factors, such as access to water.

    Adaptation to heat is a complex process. Although humans are relatively good at maintaining body temperature, they are not good at conserving water. The primary mechanism for cooling the body is sweat, which evaporates to cool the skin. On a hot day, a human can lose up to 12 liters of water, equivalent to about 3 gallons, from their entire body. Humans also have a special mechanism for cooling their large brain, where blood from the face and head sweats enters the skull through tiny emissary veins.

    Adaptation to dry heat

    As we continue to explore the roots of both cold and heat adaptations in humans, it is important to understand how our bodies respond to these conditions. Our body temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus, a gland in our brain that receives signals from the skin’s thermoreceptors. This gland controls both vasodilation and vasoconstriction, allowing us to maintain a constant temperature regardless of ambient temperature. While we may not have adapted to the desert environment, humans have long survived in a hot climate and today have air conditioning to make life easier.

    Although the climate in deserts is extremely hot, it is important to note that plants have developed remarkable strategies for adapting to this extreme environment. The cholla cactus, for example, has evolved remarkably in order to survive the hot desert environment. This plant also provides insight into the possibility of living in a hotter planet. The fact that plants and animals can survive in this climate is encouraging for scientists who study human adaptation to hot climates and arid environments.

    The adaptations of the fennec fox and other animals have been documented in the desert. These animals have adapted to dry heat by developing thick shells that reduce water loss. Sand lizards, which live in desert environments in Europe, are aptly named ‘dancing lizards’ because they dance. The jackrabbit is another example of a desert animal with a unique adaptation. Their long ears contain blood vessels that release heat. Similarly, desert vultures urinate on their legs to cool themselves off.

    Adaptation to nocturnal animals

    Many desert animals are nocturnal. These animals are better able to avoid the midday heat. Other animals, such as nocturnal migratory birds, are nocturnal because they use starlight as a compass to determine their direction. These animals’ behaviors may be adaptations to their habitats, but it’s hard to say for sure why humans have adopted this trait.

    Desert mammals are mostly nocturnal, including foxes, coyotes, rats, and rabbits. Desert reptiles include lizards and snakes. Their diet is made up of berries, plants, eggs, and whatever else they can find. Many of the desert’s birds are crepuscular and therefore require a water source to survive. Some nocturnal animals are even crepuscular.

    Predators have different light requirements and preferences. In the daytime, they can process more light than their nocturnal prey. But nocturnal animals have a limited amount of light, which makes it challenging for humans to recognize them. The animals also have different acuities. While diurnal animals have a wide range of light spectrums and high luminance, their nocturnal predators must cope with low light levels and limited rays.

    Adaptation to water

    Animals living in a desert have evolved a variety of strategies for conserving water. They have developed insulating fur on the tops of their bodies, and their abdomen and legs are relatively bare. Kangaroo rats, for example, do not eat meat and only eat seeds that are high in carbohydrates and low in fat. Because fat requires more water to process, they avoid them and pass thick uric acid instead. Cactus mice survive on fruits and insects, and elf owls and kit foxes get their water from prey.

    Peter Starkweather, a biological sciences professor at UNLV, studies the physiology of organisms that thrive in a desert environment. He and his students study the adaptations of animals and plants to abiotic stressors, including wind, heat, cold, salinity, and drought. Their findings may one day influence how humans and other species can survive in such an environment. It is not always clear how they do it, but the adaptations they make may help protect these areas from extinction.

    In addition to examining the role of climate change on fish populations, the findings of the study also revealed that genetic variation may help populations adapt to extreme environments, including arid conditions. As a result, it is important to preserve a large gene pool, so that the populations can evolve and respond to environmental changes. These results will aid in developing climate-change adaptations. Arid environments, especially the desert, are not an ideal setting for animals to live in, but they can be beneficial in many ways.

    Adaptation to wind

    Some deserts are characterized by varying amounts of wind, with speeds exceeding 60 miles per hour. These winds are capable of carrying sand and dust across continents and even oceans. African dust, for example, can cross the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in yellow sunsets on the Florida coast. Other desert features include flat, rock formations, and smooth canyons. These characteristics distinguish the desert from wetter areas, where regular rainfall and lush vegetation are common.

    Adaptation to temperature

    The study also highlights the role of emissary veins in the human body in regulating temperature. Humans are extremely good at maintaining body temperatures, but terrible at conserving water. The primary way that humans keep themselves cool is through sweating. Sweat is a natural evaporation process that helps cool the naked skin. In a single day, a human can lose up to 12 liters of water – about three gallons of liquid – through their skin. Humans also have a unique mechanism for cooling their big brain: blood from their faces travels through tiny emissary veins in their skulls and heads.

    Arid conditions play a major role in evolution. Modern biotechnology has helped man adapt to the desert environment. Humans can deal with extreme temperature changes due to various physiological and technological adaptations. The human body tries to regulate the temperature of the body by regulating sweat production and temperature regulation by means of sudomotor control. It also increases the size of peripheral blood vessels and dilates the skin to facilitate heat loss by conduction.